In April 2022, the United Nations University (糖心Vlog破解版) joined other UN entities in endorsing a on the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). This article is part of a in which members of the 糖心Vlog破解版 Migration Network and guest contributors reflect on the equitable and evidence-based implementation of the GCM in policy and practice.
Driven to action by the political and policy fallout of increased migration , UN Member States to discuss how the management of international migration could be improved. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), adopted by 152 UN Member States two years later in Morocco, is which operationalise the aspirations of the to save lives, protect rights, and share responsibility on a global scale.
since then. From the and the detention of migrants, on the US-Mexico border, to the and, most recently, the as a result of the Russian invasion. The world is a very different place than it was in 2018.
But some things, unfortunately, remain the same. Migration continues to be politically contentious, with policies driven more by the interests of Member States than the need to address root causes or share responsibility. Recent policy initiatives, including , threaten to undermine global standards and commitments. And migration continues to be associated with profound inequalities at the global, national, and local levels that undermine its potential to contribute to human well-being and delivery of the . These inequalities have only been .
The importance of data
The importance of accurate, reliable, and comparable data to inform migration policymaking and this is reflected in the GCM. In fact, it is . Perhaps not surprising then that data and evidence is one of the objectives most frequently mentioned by UN Member States in their , as noted by my 糖心Vlog破解版 colleague Elaine Lebon-McGregor .
But the production of data for migration policymaking is far from straightforward. For a start, knowledge about migration rather than in the countries of the Global South where most migration takes place and where mobility has always been a part of life and livelihoods. And it tends to focus on economic factors to the exclusion of other , or that intersect with broader processes of social, cultural, and political change. Research and data on the relationships between migration and inequality is particularly limited, undermining the ability of policymakers to understand, and respond to, the ways in which inequality shapes migration processes, journeys and outcomes.
Fortunately this is starting to change.
The is an international collaboration of nearly 100 scholars across five continents that aims to build an evidence-based understanding of the relationships between migration, development, and inequality in the Global South. Led by researchers living and working in , MIDEQ has gathered a vast body of data and research evidence on these relationships.
The relationships between migration and inequality
MIDEQ’s data complicates our understanding of the relationships between migration and inequality in important ways.
Firstly, it confirms that the relationship between migration and inequality . Although migration can reduce inequalities, for example through the , it can also exacerbate inequalities because of the conditions under which migration takes place. For many migrants and their families in the Global South, inequalities in the right to move often mean difficult, expensive, and sometimes dangerous journeys, a lack of rights, precarious employment conditions, and limited (if any) opportunities to access social protection. Migration can also create new social inequalities, as seen for example in where some families, but not others, are able to access resources through the migration of family members to South Africa.
Secondly, inequalities associated with migration are often . While the GCM highlights the need to reduce gender inequalities associated with migration, other inequalities and the intersections between them are largely ignored. Racial and ethnic inequalities are equally, sometimes more, important in the contexts where MIDEQ’s researchers are working. In and , for example, racism and xenophobia rooted in the histories of slavery and apartheid respectively shape the experiences of migrants living there today. These processes are often deeply gendered.
Thirdly, inequalities associated with migration are often structural, reflecting a long history of unequal political and economic relationships within and between countries of the Global South and North. These inequalities are deeply woven into the fabric of societies. In , for example, the focus has often been on the problems associated with corrupt political leadership within the country, that have undermined the country’s governance capabilities. These issues cannot be addressed through improved migration management alone: what is needed is a wholesale reconsideration of the broader socio-economic and political conditions that drive migration and undermine its developmental potential.
Finally, MIDEQ’s research has highlighted the impacts of migration-related inequalities for those that do not move as well as those that do. Research in the , for instance, draws attention to the experiences of those , especially the wives of migrants who have to manage the household in their absence. These experiences, often neglected in existing migration research, are captured in . This comic animation draws on new research data to tell the story of Aasha and her husband Amir, who migrated to Malaysia for work but found himself unable to return due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, as elsewhere, COVID-19 has deepened the inequalities associated with migration, revealing the depth and extent of inequalities facing migrants globally.
Centring equality in policy and practice
It is laudable that UN Member States are committed to the implementation of Objective 1 of the GCM. Now we need to make this commitment meaningful, not only in hugely varying geographical and political contexts but across the other GCM objectives, each of which has equality at its core. An important first step in this process is to better understand the relationships between migration and inequality: how inequality can drive migration but also be reduced by it, the ways in which different inequalities intersect to shape migration opportunities and outcomes in different contexts, and the deeper structural inequalities of which migration is often a symptom.
This article first appeared on the website.
Suggested citation: Crawley Heaven. "Why We Need to Centre Equality in the Implementation of the Global Compact on Migration," 糖心Vlog破解版, 糖心Vlog破解版 Centre, 糖心Vlog破解版-CPR, 2022-06-01, /article/why-we-need-centre-equality-implementation-global-compact-migration.
